"Tous se pressent dans la crainte de manquer quelque chose."
Professeur de philosophie et de sociologie à l'université de Francfort, Max Horkheimer (1895-1973) a fondé et dirigé l'Institut de recherche sociale à Francfort, institut qui reprendra ses travaux aux États-Unis, Horkheimer étant contraint à l'exil en 1933. Il est le principal penseur de la « théorie critique » des années 30. Philosophe et sociologue allemand, Theodor W. Adorno (1903-1969) suit des études de philosophie, et s'intéresse en particulier à George Lukacs et Karl Korsch.
Le 7 juillet 1959, dans le quatorzième de ses cours sur la Critique de la raison pure, Adorno avoue subitement : « il ne s'agit ici de rien moins que la fondation de la position philosophique que je défends moi-même et que je crois pouvoir rattacher à cette réflexion sur Kant. » Plus que d'un cours, il est question d'une histoire restée jusque-là muette, celle du détour adornien par Kant dans l'élaboration de la dialectique négative et celle du retour de Kant dans une trajectoire philosophique qui s'était éloignée du criticisme après s'être pourtant initiée dans la Critique de la raison pure. C'est à l'âge de quinze ans qu'Adorno encore lycéen est formé par Siegfried Kracauer de manière inoubliable à la lecture de ce livre difficile. Les rencontres avec Walter Benjamin en 1923 puis avec Alfred Sohn-Rethel en 1936 seront autant d'occasions de relecture de la première Critique dont ce cours de 1959 livre les strates de mémoire en même temps qu'il les réarticule dans une perspective propre, comme on fait soudain rayonner une nouvelle question philosophique depuis son passé oublié. Kant est le philosophe qui permet à Adorno de retrouver un moment de non-identité dans la connaissance et de ressaisir ce qui a été perdu de la chose dans son traitement conceptuel. Les choses en soi, c'est-à-dire l'inconnaissabilité de l'en soi des choses, que Kant ne voulait pas abandonner - en dépit de toutes les critiques qu'elles lui valurent - parce qu'elles réservaient l'avenir de la métaphysique, sont interprétées par Adorno comme les dépositaires de l'irréductible inadéquation entre la connaissance et la chose. Et cette irréductibilité kantienne fait voler en éclats le mensonge premier de l'idéalisme, qui consiste à réduire tout objet à sa constitution par le sujet. Détour par Kant, retour de Kant - Kant nomme la différence d'Adorno dans la filiation hégélienne et marxienne de sa pensée, et cette différence apparaît ici comme une des entrées décisives dans le laboratoire de la Dialectique négative (1966), puisque s'y élaborent à la fois la thèse du « primat de l'objet » et les ressources d'une puissante résistance aux logiques identificatrices
En 1967, Theodor Adorno tient une conférence à l'université de Vienne, à l'invitation de l'Union des étudiants socialistes d'Autriche, sur la remontée de l'extrême-droite en Allemagne, et notamment l'ascension inquiétante d'un parti, le NPD, qui a toutes les apparences du néonazisme et manquera de peu son entrée au Bundestag allemand deux ans plus tard.
Transcrit d'après un enregistrement, cet essai inédit a les avantages d'un texte pour partie improvisé : un style direct et très accessible. Adorno y recense les « trucs » auxquels recourt le discours d'extrême-droite, et qui ressemblent à ceux qui reviennent actuellement en vogue sur les réseaux sociaux : la volonté de mêler tous les problèmes dans une accumulation de faits invérifiables ; la « méthode du salami », ou le fait de découper, dans un complexe de réalités, une réalité particulière sur laquelle on concentre le débat ; l'utilisation d'arguments absurdes, etc.
En somme, Adorno décrivait en 1967, à peu de choses près, une réalité proche de celle de nombreux pays européens aujourd'hui.
Sa conclusion est un appel à l'intelligence et au combat : refusant de pronostiquer l'avenir de ces mouvements, Adorno rappelle que « la manière dont ces choses évolueront, et la responsabilité de cette évolution, tiennent en dernière instance à nous-mêmes».
Pendant le semestre d'été 1963, Adorno a dispensé un cours intitulé Problèmes de la philosophie morale. Il ne s'agissait nullement pour le philosophe de Francfort de prendre, selon ses propres mots, « la posture d'un gourou » en donnant des conseils à ceux qui auraient voulu mener une « vie juste », mais plutôt, comme les « femmes des ruines » de l'après-guerre, de considérer ce qui pouvait être « sauvé » des décombres de la philosophie morale pour que celle-ci ne fût pas abandonnée à sa dilution dans la culture. Adorno engageait là une critique approfondie de la conception kantienne de la liberté en même temps qu'il répondait implicitement au négativisme, c'est-à-dire au pessimisme aporétique dont on lui avait souvent fait le reproche, par une élaboration du concept de résistance (Widerstand). Indissociable de l'effectivité de la liberté, la résistance « contre ce que le monde a fait de nous et veut faire de nous » découvre la force propre de la pensée critique : « la raison qui se donne à elle-même une figure dans le monde et la raison critique qui lui fait face ne sont pas une seule et même raison, comme Hegel voudrait nous le faire croire » lit-on dans Problèmes de la philosophie morale. La dialectique de la résistance contre la « vie fausse », qui innerve tout ce cours, permet de comprendre pourquoi Adorno est resté attaché à la philosophie morale au point d'avoir projeté d'en écrire une après la Théorie esthétique, et elle offre une entrée décisive dans le livre princeps de 1966, la Dialectique négative.
La question de savoir comment un mot se rapporte à d'autres mots pour composer un énoncé est, selon Adorno, inaugurale de la philosophie. Durant le semestre d'été 1962 et le semestre d'hiver 1962/1963, Adorno a consacré 46 cours à la « terminologie philosophique ». Porter attention à la formation de chaque pensée dans ses mots conduit à dépasser les nomenclatures ou les lexiques fixés hors du temps pour pénétrer la constitution dynamique des concepts à travers l'histoire. La terminologie philosophique se formant à partir de « noeuds problématiques » (Knotenpunkte), qui cristallisent les conflits interprétatifs et se gonflent d'harmoniques lointaines, permet de saisir le réseau des significations à l'intérieur duquel chaque pensée détermine dialectiquement sa place. Centrer la réflexion sur l'usage philosophique de la langue permet non seulement d'inscrire les concepts dans l'histoire, mais plus radicalement encore d'inscrire l'histoire dans les concepts pour plonger les antinomies figées de la philosophie, idéalisme/réalisme, rationalisme/empirisme, spiritualisme/matérialisme, dans un vaste mouvement dialectique innervant toute l'histoire philosophique. Quand cette approche dynamique et historique des concepts est suspendue ou dissoute, la terminologie ne désigne plus qu'un jargon, c'est-à-dire un ensemble de « mots-vedettes » (Stichworte), qui prétendent à l'immédiateté du sens et déstructurent la langue par son atomisation. Ce cours engage ainsi une monumentale traversée de l'histoire de la philosophie depuis l'Antiquité grecque - avec la figure éminente d'Aristote - jusqu'au XIXe siècle - avec Hegel libérant sa philosophie de toute terminologie - et enfin jusqu'au XXe siècle - avec Heidegger, créateur, selon Adorno, du « jargon de l'authenticité ».
In autumn 1962 Theodor W. Adorno gave a lecture on fighting antisemitism to the German Coordinating Council of Societies for Christian-Jewish Cooperation, a lecture that remains as topical and urgent today as it was in the 1960s.
After the Second World War, Germany was grappling with a reluctance to admit collective guilt for the horrors of the Holocaust and German society was witnessing the emergence of various forms of hidden or `crypto' antisemitism. In his lecture Adorno demonstrated that antisemitism is a central and essential element of right-wing extremism and is identical in structure to racism. It is accompanied by an authoritarian mindset and a conformist anti-intellectualism. Moreover, a classic trick used by anti-Semites is to protest against taboos which prevent them from freely spreading their hate by classing them as a form of persecution, and to present themselves as victims of it. The only antidote to this poison is an unwavering loyalty to the truth in dealing with historical and political realities.
Adorno advocates an anti-authoritarian programme to prevent antisemitic character development and advises taking firm action against outbreaks of antisemitic behaviour. His brilliant analysis of the sources and dangers of antisemitism is as relevant now as it was sixty years ago.
When Theodor W. Adorno returned to Germany from his exile in the United States, he was appointed as a lecturer and researcher at the University of Frankfurt and he immediately made a name for himself as a leading public intellectual. Adorno's widespread influence on the postwar debates was due in part to the public lectures he gave outside of the university in which he analysed and commented on social, cultural and political developments of the time.
This first volume brings together Adorno's lectures given between 1949 and 1968 on music, literature and the arts. With an engaging and improvisational style, Adorno spoke with compelling enthusiasm on subjects as diverse as Marcel Proust's prose, Richard Strauss's composition technique and Arnold Schoenberg's Pierrot lunaire. Germany, restoring its social and intellectual institutions, needed to embrace the new music and writers who had been neglected, particularly with regards to Proust. To rebuild was taken to mean rediscovery, but Adorno also nurtured a vision of tradition which - far from being unthinkingly conservative - would attest to society's honestly-appraised relationship to the past while it underwent the process of modernization. The volume illustrates Adorno's deep commitment to holding contemporary music and culture to standards commensurate with the aspirations of a modern world emerging from the horrors of war.
This volume of his lectures is a unique document of Adorno's startling ability to bring critical theory into dialogue with the times in which he lived. It will be of great value to anyone interested in the work of Adorno and critical theory, in German intellectual and cultural history and in the history of modern music and the arts.
Les douze essais qui composent les Figures sonores (Klangfiguren) de Theodor W. Adorno datent, à une exception près, de la fin des années cinquante. Ils forment une vaste constellation d'approches du phénomène musical contemporain: la réflexion sur une sociologie de la musique, aussitôt appliquée à la question de l'opéra, à celle du public, et à l'interprétation, croise une réflexion esthétique s'interrogeant sur ses propres critères et une tentative de penser les éléments techniques de la composition, comme ceux de la série ou du contrepoint. Deux essais sur Berg et Webern tracent un portrait, de l'intérieur, des deux compositeurs. Cet ouvrage est traversé par une profondeur de vue qui, liée à une connaissance intime des oeuvres, des problématiques compositionnelles et de leurs enjeux historiques, est extrêmement stimulante pour l'esprit.
Les différents essais regroupés par Adorno lui-même sous le titre schubertien de Moments musicaux appartiennent à des époques très différentes : certains sont des écrits de jeunesse datant de la fin des années vingt et des années trente ; d'autres ont été écrits après la guerre, jusqu'au plus récent publié au début des années soixante. Ils témoignent de l'évolution d'Adorno dans son effort pour articuler la réflexion philosophique et une approche sociologique de la musique à la logique interne des oeuvres. Les sujets traités sont extrêmement divers : Schubert, le style tardif de Beethoven, le Freichütz de Weber, les Contes d'Hoffmann d'Offenbach, Parsifal de Wagner, mais aussi le jazz, le Quintette à vents de Schoenberg, Mahagonny de Kurt Weill, Krenek, le rapport entre progrès et réaction, etc. Adorno y déploie une pensée engagée, liée à la musique de son temps, mais dans laquelle le passé demeure un enjeu. Martin Kaltenecker, traducteur de cet ouvrage qu'il a également annoté, propose en fin de volume un commentaire développé et approfondi dans lequel il replace les problématiques abordées dans les Moments musicaux à l'intérieur du contexte général de la pensée d'Adorno.
This volume comprises Adorno's first lectures specifically dedicated to the subject of the dialectic, a concept which has been key to philosophical debate since classical times. While discussing connections with Plato and Kant, Adorno concentrates on the most systematic development of the dialectic in Hegel's philosophy, and its relationship to Marx, as well as elaborating his own conception of dialectical thinking as a critical response to this tradition. Delivered in the summer semester of 1958, these lectures allow Adorno to explore and probe the significant difficulties and challenges this way of thinking posed within the cultural and intellectual context of the post-war period. In this connection he develops the thesis of a complementary relationship between positivist or functionalist approaches, particularly in the social sciences, as well as calling for the renewal of ontological and metaphysical modes of thought which attempt to transcend the abstractness of modern social experience by appeal to regressive philosophical categories. While providing an account of many central themes of Hegelian thought, he also alludes to a whole range of other philosophical, literary and artistic figures of central importance to his conception of critical theory, notably Walter Benjamin and the idea of a constellation of concepts as the model for an 'open or fractured dialectic' beyond the constraints of method and system. These lectures are seasoned with lively anecdotes and personal recollections which allow the reader to glimpse what has been described as the 'workshop' of Adorno's thought. As such, they provide an ideal entry point for all students and scholars in the humanities and social sciences who are interested in Adorno's work as well as those seeking to understand the nature of dialectical thinking.
At first glance, Theodor W. Adorno's critical social theory and Gershom Scholem's scholarship of Jewish mysticism could not seem farther removed from one another. To begin with, they also harbored a mutual hostility. But their first conversations in 1938 New York were the impetus for a profound intellectual friendship that lasted thirty years and produced more than 220 letters. These letters discuss the broadest range of topics in philosophy, religion, history, politics, literature, and the arts - as well as the life and the work of Adorno and Scholem's mutual friend Walter Benjamin. Unfolding with the dramatic tension of a historic novel, the correspondence tells the story of these two intellectuals who faced tragedy, destruction, and loss, but also participated in the efforts to reestablish a just and dignified society after World War II. Scholem immigrated to Palestine before the war and developed his pioneering scholarship of Jewish mysticism before and during the problematic establishment of a Jewish state. Adorno escaped Germany to England, and then to America, returning to Germany in 1949 to participate in the efforts to rebuild and democratize German society. Despite the differences in the lifepaths and worldviews of Adorno and Scholem, their letters are evidence of mutual concern for intellectual truth and hope for a more just society in the wake of historical disaster. The letters reveal for the first time the close philosophical proximity between Adorno's critical theory and Scholem's scholarship of mysticism and messianism. Their correspondence touches on questions of reason and myth, progress and regression, heresy and authority, and the social dimensions of redemption. Above all, their dialogue sheds light on the power of critical, materialistic analysis of history to bring about social change and prevent repetition of the disasters of the past.
Kant is a pivotal thinker in Adorno's intellectual world. Yet although he wrote monographs on Hegel, Husserl and Kierkegaard, the closest he came to an extended discussion of Kant are two lecture courses, one concentrating on the Critique of Pure Reason and the other on the Critique of Practical Reason. This new volume by Adorno comprises his lectures on the former.
Adorno attempts to make Kant's thought comprehensible to students by focusing on what he regards as problematic aspects of Kant's philosophy. Adorno examines his dualism and what he calls the Kantian 'block': the contradictions arising from Kant's resistance to the idealism that his successors, Fichte, Schelling and Hegel, saw as the inevitable outcome of his ideas. But these lectures also provide an accessible introduction to and rationale for Adorno's own philosophy as expounded in Negative Dialectics and his other major writings. Adorno's view of Kant forms an integral part of his own philosophy, since he argues that the way out of the Kantian contradictions is to show the necessity of the dialectical thinking that Kant himself spurned. This in turn enables Adorno to criticize Anglo-Saxon scientistic or positivist thought, as well as the philosophy of existentialism.
This book will be of great interest to those working in philosophy and in social and political thought, and it will be essential reading for anyone interested in the foundations of Adorno's own work.
Theodor W. Adorno and Siegfried Kracauer were two of the most influential philosophers and cultural critics of the 20th century. While Adorno became the leading intellectual figure of the Frankfurt School, Kracauer's writings on film, photography, literature and the lifestyle of the middle classes opened up a new and distinctive approach to the study of culture and everyday life in modern societies.
This volume brings together for the first time the long-running correspondence between these two major figures of German intellectual culture. As left-wing German Jews who were forced into exile with the rise of Nazism, Adorno and Kracauer shared much in common, but their worldviews were in many ways markedly different. These differences become clear in a correspondence that ranges over a great diversity of topics, from the nature of criticism and the meaning of utopia to the work of their contemporaries, including Bloch, Brecht and Benjamin. Where Kracauer embraced the study of new mass media, above all film, Adorno was much more sceptical. This is borne out in his sharp criticism of Kracauer's study of the composer Offenbach, which Adorno derided as musically illiterate, as well as his later criticism of Kracauer's Theory of Film. Exposing the very different ways that both men were grappling intellectually with the massive transformations of the 20th century, these letters shed fresh light on the principles shaping their work at the same time as they reveal something of the intellectual brilliance and human frailties of these two towering figures of 20th century thought.
This unique volume will be of great value to anyone interested in critical theory and in 20th century intellectual and cultural history.
Fleeing the Nazis, Theodor W. Adorno lived in New York City as a refugee from 1938 until 1941. During these years, he was intensively involved in a study of how the recently developed techniques for the nation-wide transmission of music over radio were transforming the perception of music itself. This broad ranging radio research was conceived as nothing less than an investigation, partly empirical, of Walter Benjamin's speculative claims for the emancipatory potential of art in the age of its mechanical reproduction. The results of Adorno's project set him decisively at odds with Benjamin's theses and at the same time became the body of thinking that formed the basis for Adornos own aesthetics in his Philosophy of New Music.
Current of Music is the title that Adorno himself gave to this research project. For complex reasons, however, Adorno was not able to bring the several thousands of pages of this massive study, most of it written in English, to a final form prior to leaving New York for California, where he would immediately begin work with Max Horkheimer on the Dialectic of Enlightenment. Robert Hullot-Kentor, the distinguished Adorno scholar, reconstructed Adorno's project for the Adorno Archive in Germany and provides a lengthy and informative introduction to the fragmentary texts collected in this volume.
Current of Music will be widely discussed for the light it throws on the development of Adorno's thought, on his complex relationship with Walter Benjamin, but most of all for the important perspectives it provides on questions of popular culture, the music of industrial entertainment, the history of radio and the social dimensions of the reproduction of art.
Fleeing the Nazis, Theodor W. Adorno lived in New York City as a refugee from 1938 until 1941. During these years, he was intensively involved in a study of how the recently developed techniques for the nation-wide transmission of music over radio were transforming the perception of music itself. This broad ranging radio research was conceived as nothing less than an investigation, partly empirical, of Walter Benjamin's speculative claims for the emancipatory potential of art in the age of its mechanical reproduction. The results of Adorno's project set him decisively at odds with Benjamin's theses and at the same time became the body of thinking that formed the basis for Adornos own aesthetics in his Philosophy of New Music.
Current of Music is the title that Adorno himself gave to this research project. For complex reasons, however, Adorno was not able to bring the several thousands of pages of this massive study, most of it written in English, to a final form prior to leaving New York for California, where he would immediately begin work with Max Horkheimer on the Dialectic of Enlightenment. Robert Hullot-Kentor, the distinguished Adorno scholar, reconstructed Adorno's project for the Adorno Archive in Germany and provides a lengthy and informative introduction to the fragmentary texts collected in this volume.
Current of Music will be widely discussed for the light it throws on the development of Adorno's thought, on his complex relationship with Walter Benjamin, but most of all for the important perspectives it provides on questions of popular culture, the music of industrial entertainment, the history of radio and the social dimensions of the reproduction of art.
Beethoven is a classic study of the composer's music, written by one of the most important thinkers of our time. Throughout his life, Adorno wrote extensive notes, essay fragments and aides-memoires on the subject of Beethoven's music. This book brings together all of Beethoven's music in relation to the society in which he lived.
Adorno identifies three periods in Beethoven's work, arguing that the thematic unity of the first and second periods begins to break down in the third. Adorno follows this progressive disintegration of organic unity in the classical music of Beethoven and his contemporaries, linking it with the rationality and monopolistic nature of modern society.
Beethoven will be welcomed by students and researchers in a wide range of disciplines - philosophy, sociology, music and history - and by anyone interested in the life of the composer.
This volume makes available in English for the first time Adorno's lectures on metaphysics. It provides a unique introduction not only to metaphysics but also to Adorno's own intellectual standpoint, as developed in his major work Negative Dialectics. Metaphysics for Adorno is defined by a central tension between concepts and immediate facts. Adorno traces this dualism back to Aristotle, whom he sees as the founder of metaphysics. In Aristotle it appears as an unresolved tension between form and matter. This basic split, in Adorno's interpretation, runs right through the history of metaphysics. Perhaps not surprisingly, Adorno finds this tension resolved in the Hegelian dialectic. Underlying this dualism is a further dichotomy, which Adorno sees as essential to metaphysics: while it dissolves belief in transcendental worlds by thought, at the same time it seeks to rescue belief in a reality beyond the empirical, again by thought. It is to this profound ambiguity, for Adorno, that the metaphysical tradition owes its greatness. The major part of these lectures, given by Adorno late in his life, is devoted to a critical exposition of Aristotle's thought, focusing on its central ambiguities. In the last lectures, Adorno's attention switches to the question of the relevance of metaphysics today, particularly after the Holocaust. He finds in 'metaphysical experiences', which transcend rational discourse without lapsing into irrationalism, a last precarious refuge of the humane truth to which his own thought always aspired. This volume will be essential reading for anyone interested in Adorno's work and will be a valuable text for students and scholars of philosophy and social theory.
This volume of lectures on aesthetics, given by Adorno in the winter semester of 1958-9, formed the foundation for his later Aesthetic Theory, widely regarded as one of his greatest works. The lectures cover a wide range of topics, from an intense analysis of the work of Georg Lukács to a sustained reflection on the theory of aesthetic experience, from an examination of works by Plato, Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard and Benjamin, to a discussion of the latest experiments of John Cage, attesting to the virtuosity and breadth of Adorno's engagement. All the while, Adorno remains deeply connected to his surrounding context, offering us a window onto the artistic, intellectual and political confrontations that shaped life in post-war Germany. This volume will appeal to a broad range of students and scholars in the humanities and social sciences, as well as anyone interested in the development of critical theory.
'My dears: this is but a brief note to welcome you to the new world, where you are now no longer all too far away from us. ` So begins Adorno's letter to his parents in May 1939, welcoming them to Cuba where they had just arrived after fleeing from Nazi Germany at the last minute. At the end of 1939 his parents moved again to Florida and then to New York, where they lived from August 1940 until the end of their lives. It is only with Adorno's move to California at the end of 1941 that his letters to his parents start arriving once more, reporting on work and living conditions as well as on friends, acquaintances and the Hollywood stars of his time. One finds reports of his collaborations with Max Horkheimer, Thomas Mann and Hanns Eisler alongside accounts of parties, clowning around with Charlie Chaplin, and ill-fated love affairs. But the letters also show his constant longing for Europe: Adorno already began to think about his return as soon as the USA entered the war. Adorno's letters to his parents - surely the most open and direct letters he ever wrote - not only afford the reader a glimpse of the experiences that gave rise to the famous Minima Moralia, but also show Adorno from a previously unknown, very personal side. They end with the first reports from the ravaged Frankfurt to his mother - who remained in New York - and from Amorbach, Adorno's childhood paradise
This classic book by Theodor W. Adorno anticipates many of the themes that have since become common in contemporary philosophy: the critique of foundationalism, the illusions of idealism and the end of epistemology. It also foreshadows many of the key ideas that were developed by Adorno in his most important philosophical works, including Negative Dialectics.
Against Epistemology is based on a manuscript Adorno originally wrote in Oxford in 1934-37 during his first years in exile and subsequently reworked in Frankfurt in 1955-56. The text was written as a critique of Husserl's phenomenology, but the critique of phenomenology is used as the occasion for a much broader critique of epistemology. Adorno described this as a `metacritique' which blends together the analysis of Husserl's phenomenology as the most advanced instance of the decay of bourgeois idealism with an immanent critique of the tensions and contradictions internal to Husserl's thought. The result is a powerful text which remains one of the most devastating critiques of Husserl's work ever written and which heralded many of the ideas that have become commonplace in contemporary philosophy.
"Dreams are as black as death."
-Theodor W. Adorno
Adorno was fascinated by his dreams and wrote them down throughout his life. He envisaged publishing a collection of them although in the event no more than a few appeared in his lifetime. Dream Notes offers a selection of Adornos writings on dreams that span the last twenty-five years of his life. Readers of Adorno who are accustomed to high-powered reflections on philosophy, music and culture may well find them disconcerting: they provide an amazingly frank and uninhibited account of his inner desires, guilt feelings and anxieties. Brothel scenes, torture and executions figure prominently. They are presented straightforwardly, at face value. No attempt is made to interpret them, to relate them to the events of his life, to psychoanalyse them, or to establish any connections with the principal themes of his philosophy. Are they fiction, autobiography or an attempt to capture a pre-rational, quasi-mythic state of consciousness? No clear answer can be given. Taken together they provide a highly consistent picture of a dimension of experience that is normally ignored, one that rounds out and deepens our knowledge of Adorno while retaining something of the enigmatic quality that energized his own thought.
At the beginning of his career in the 1920s, Adorno sketched a plan to write a major work on the theory of musical reproduction, a task he returned to time and again throughout his career but never completed. The choice of the word reproduction as opposed to interpretation indicates a primary supposition: that there is a clearly defined musical text whose precision exceeds what is visible on the page, and that the performer has the responsibility to reproduce it as accurately as possible, beyond simply playing what is written. This task, according to Adorno, requires a detailed understanding of all musical parameters in their historical context, and his reflections upon this task lead to a fundamental study of the nature of notation and musical sense. In the various notes and texts brought together in Towards a Theory of Musical Reproduction, one finds Adorno constantly circling around an irresolvable paradox: interpretation can only fail the work, yet only through it can musics true essence be captured. While he at times seems more definite in his pronouncement of a musical scores absolute value just as a book is read silently, not aloud his discourse repeatedly displays his inability to cling to that belief. It is this quality of uncertainty in his reflections that truly indicates the scope of the discourse and its continuing relevance to musical thought and practice today.
This volume comprises one of the key lecture courses leading up to the publication in 1966 of Adorno's major work, Negative Dialectics. These lectures focus on developing the concepts critical to the introductory section of that book. They show Adorno as an embattled philosopher defining his own methodology among the prevailing trends of the time. As a critical theorist, he repudiated the worn-out Marxist stereotypes still dominant in the Soviet bloc - he specifically addresses his remarks to students who had escaped from the East in the period leading up to the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961. Influenced as he was by the empirical schools of thought he had encountered in the United States, he nevertheless continued to resist what he saw as their surrender to scientific and mathematical abstraction. However, their influence was potent enough to prevent him from reverting to the traditional idealisms still prevalent in Germany, or to their latest manifestations in the shape of the new ontology of Heidegger and his disciples. Instead, he attempts to define, perhaps more simply and fully than in the final published version, a `negative', i.e. critical, approach to philosophy. Permeating the whole book is Adorno's sense of the overwhelming power of totalizing, dominating systems in the post-Auschwitz world. Intellectual negativity, therefore, commits him to the stubborn defence of individuals - both facts and people - who stubbornly refuse to become integrated into `the administered world'. These lectures reveal Adorno to be a lively and engaging lecturer. He makes serious demands on his listeners but always manages to enliven his arguments with observations on philosophers and writers such as Proust and Brecht and comments on current events. Heavy intellectual artillery is combined with a concern for his students' progress.
Despite all of humanity's failures, futile efforts and wrong turnings in the past, Adorno did not let himself be persuaded that we are doomed to suffer a bleak future for ever. One of the factors that prevented him from identifying a definitive plan for the future course of history was his feelings of solidarity with the victims and losers. As for the future, the course of events was to remain open-ended; instead of finality, he remained committed to a Hlderlin-like openness. This trace of the messianic has what he called the colour of the concrete as opposed to mere abstract possibility. Early in the 1960s Adorno gave four courses of lectures on the road leading to Negative Dialectics, his magnum opus of 1966. The second of these was concerned with the topics of history and freedom. In terms of content, these lectures represented an early version of the chapters in Negative Dialectics devoted to Kant and Hegel. In formal terms, these were improvised lectures that permit us to glimpse a philosophical work in progress. The text published here gives us an overview of all the themes and motifs of Adorno's philosophy of history: the key notion of the domination of nature, his criticism of the existentialist concept of a historicity without history and, finally, his opposition to the traditional idea of truth as something permanent, unchanging and ahistorical.
